Exploring and Unraveling Autism Essay - 2244 Words

Autism Spectrum Disorder, known as ASD, is a range of complex neurodevelopment disorders, characterized by social impairments, communication difficulties, and restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior. Autistic Disorder, referred to as autism or classical ASD, is the most common and severe form of ASD. Other less severe conditions along the spectrum include Aspergers Syndrome and Pervasive Development Disorder. Autism affects information processing in the brain by altering how nerve cells and their synapses connect and organize. It is not completely understood as to why this occurs. Autism has a strong genetic basis and in rare cases, it is strongly associated with agents that cause birth defects. According to the†¦show more content†¦In 1943, an Austrian-American psychiatrist, Dr. Leo Kanner was one of the first to specialize in child psychology and was credited with recognizing autism as its own unique mental disorder. Kanner discussed his researc h based on a group of eleven children who all displayed similar conditions such as social interaction difficulties, difficulty processing and adapting to changes, particularly good memory, and exceeding sensitivity to sounds and other stimulants. Kanner used the term â€Å"autism† to describe the main characteristics that all of the children he studied displayed – little to no interest in socializing with others. Lastly, Dr. Hans Asperger, a scientist and pediatrician in the late 1900s, also contributed research and multiple studies on children with autism. Dr. Asperger is best known in the history of autism for defining Aspergers Syndrome. Aspergers Syndrome is a less severe condition disorder along the spectrum. Aspergers Syndrome is characterized by significant difficulties in social interaction, alongside restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior and interests. It differs from other autism spectrum disorders by its relative preservation of cognitive deve lopment. For many years, autism was rare, occurring in just five children per 100,000 live births. However, according to the Autism Research Institute, since the the early 1900s, the rate ofShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesI. Sutton, Good Boss, Bad Boss: How to Be the Best ... and Learn from the Worst (New York: Business Plus, 2010); A. Rodrà ­guezMuà ±oz, B. Moreno-Jimà ©nez, A. Vergel, and E. G. Hernà ¡ndez, â€Å"Post-Traumatic Symptoms Among Victims of Workplace Bullying: Exploring Gender Differences and Shattered Assumptions, Journal of Applied Social † Psychology 40, no. 10 (2010), pp. 2616–2635. shown many managers hold â€Å"common sense† opinions regarding effective management that have been flatly refuted by empirical evidence

Features Of A Relational Database - 2318 Words

Features of a relational database Primary keys: The main feature of a relation database would be the primary key. It is a unique identifier set to each and every record that travels across different tables in relationships. An example of a primary key is a Social Security number. The primary keys job is to make each record unique and it lets data to be kept in more than one table. Each table within a relational database will have a field for the primary key. Foreign keys: A foreign key is a column in a database that links data between tables by cross referencing because it references primary keys from other tables. For example if there are two tables, customer and order then a†¦show more content†¦It can also be broken down into short, medium and long date/time. Date: 31/01/14, 31-Jan-14, 31 January 2014 Time: 19:24, 7:24 PM, 19:24:30 Autonumber- This will increase by 1 each time a new record is added to the database Record 1 : 1 Record 2 : 2 Record 3 : 3 Boolean (yes/no)- This is a data type that restricts the record to only two choices, either yes or no. Yes : No On : Off Validation rules Validation within a database is used to make sure the data entered into the database is sensible and makes sense, also to avoid any typing errors. You make a rule which only allows certain things to be typed into the database e.g. only 11 numbers for a mobile phone number so that you don’t accidently type the wrong amount of digits. It will come up as an error if you try and then that is when you notice your mistake. Benefits Having a relational database will greatly reduce the data redundancy because it will get rid of the repeated data within a database. This is done by going through the normalisation process and therefore since there is less data in the database it is much faster access, searching data, updating data, sorting and reporting. Stages of normalisation The steps of normalisation will be fully explained in the following steps: Firstly you need to turn this into a unormalised table by: - Create column headings for the table for each data item on the report and ignore any calculatedShow MoreRelatedThe Features Of A Relational Database1585 Words   |  7 Pages P1 - Explain the features of a relational database. This is to be shown as a report or presentation and must discuss the following. †¢ Features: entities; attributes; relationships; †¢ Entities: primary keys, foreign keys; referential integrity; attributes; †¢ Attributes: field properties e.g. data types, size, validation rules †¢ Relationships: one-to-many; one-to-one; many-to-many Relational database – This is a database that contains more than one table of which are linked using key fieldsRead MoreThe Features Of A Relational Database1406 Words   |  6 PagesP1 Explain the features of a relational database. Introduction: A company called Ian’s Co currently employs a team of IT technicians to manage their IT infrastructure and also support the IT users. Also quite recently the company has taken over a similar but a smaller company which is also employs technical support staff in the same way. What is a relational database? Firstly a relational database contains a set of tables which basically are linked collectively by the relationships between theRead MoreFeatures Of A Relational Database2399 Words   |  10 PagesFeatures of a relational database I will be explaining all the features of a relational database such as entities, attributes, relationships and benefits and will be giving examples on each of these to show how they affect the database. Primary keys: The main feature of a relation database would be the primary key. It is a unique identifier set to each and every record which moves across different tables in relationships. A good example of a primary key is a Social Security number. The primary keysRead MoreWhat A Database Is, Features Of A Relational Database, And The Benefits Of Relational Databases1659 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: In this report I am going to explain what a database is, features of a relational database, and the benefits of a relational database, purpose of primary keys and how they are used to build relationships, and I am also going to focus on, what are foreign keys and how they are been used, explain referential integrity and finally, how to apply referential integrity. I am also going to backed up my views and opinions with the valid references. Assessment introduction Iain’s Co is aRead MoreRelational Databases For An Efficient Data Management And Retrieval Of Data1032 Words   |  5 Pagesan issue due to the growing need in business and academia. To resolve these issues a number of databases models have been created. Relational databases allow data storage, retrieval and manipulation using a standard Structured Query Language (SQL). Until now, relational databases were an optimal enterprise storage choice. However, with an increase in growth of stored and analyzed data, relational databases have displayed a variety of limitations. The limitations of scalability, storage and efficiencyRead MoreKey Features Of The Database Management System1035 Words   |  5 Pagesthis paper we will examine the key features of the database management system MongoDB. Day-to-day information is growing in gigantic amount. Generated information include predominant information and it will have to be analyzed for gathering essential expertise. On the whole, re lational databases are used so as to system the data. These, ways works successfully for small amount of knowledge. What if the data is very tremendous? To avoid this problems Mongo databases are introduced. MongoDB is a cross-platformRead MoreAnalysis Memorandum1532 Words   |  7 Pagesanalysis memorandum proposing the use of Microsoft Access databases within our Security Division’s infrastructure. Many security managers are relying heavily on the use of Microsoft Excel spreadsheets in order to keep track of their personnel, security violations, inspection programs and training. While spreadsheets are effective means for complex calculations they are also limited in that they basically fall short in showing the relational qualities of security data in relationship to particularRead MoreWhat Is A Relational Database?1043 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is a Relational Database? Relation database is a database model in which information is stored in separate tables stored in a linked relationship in a table with rows and columns. Each table has a record which is known as tuples and each record has a field which is known as an attribute which all containing unique value, every table has at least one field with another table such as many to many’ ‘one to many’ or ‘one to one’ relationships. What is the purpose of a relational database? The purposeRead MoreRelational Database Management System Essay1078 Words   |  5 PagesRelational Database Management System Oracle provides a flexible RDBMS called Oracle7. Using its features, you can store and manage data with all the advantages of a relational structure plus PL/SQL, an engine that provides you with the ability to store and execute program units. The server offers the options of retrieving data based on optimization techniques. It includes security features that control how a database is accessed and used. Other features include consistency and protection of dataRead MoreBtec1256 Words   |  6 PagesLearner Registration No. Assessor Name LEI13160876 Soory Abbassi 15/10/13 Hand-in Date Submitted On 15/10/13 18/03/14 Qualification and Programme Number Unit Number and Title BTEC Extended Diploma In IT (QCF): Level 3 Unit 18: Database Design Assignment Title Assignment 1 No. 1 of 2 Whole or Part of Unit? Whole /Part Grade for Whole Unit Deadlines: If you do not meet the deadlines for handing in your assignments you may not have your work marked. This could result

Transforming System Requirements into Model Checking Specifications

Question: Discuss about A systematic approach to transforming system requirements into model checking specifications? Answer: Summary The software industry has been afflicted by the volatile, ambiguous, inaccurate and incomplete requirements since its emergence. The confluence of formal methods and development based on model proposes innovators of the critical-safety systems a strong and a new access for the validation of necessities at the early stage. This particular paper explains a case study that had been conducted to adjudicate if the use of formal methods could validate the system requirements at a reasonable cost in the lifecycle. Quite a few safety and functional requirements were captured for logic of Flight Guidance System (Aceituna, Do and Srinivasan 2014). They were written in natural language or shall statements. The model was formally written in RSML language. Several errors were identified in both the RSML as well as the original language. This proved that the formal models can be used for writing realistic or sensible systems and they can also be used to identify the errors before the implementatio n of the process. Opinion It can be said that the creation of RSML model has enhanced the informal requirements and this process involved in verifying the formal properties helped in identifying the errors in both the RSML model and the original requirements. In real systems, there would be many requirements of these models. As a result, the models would be large as well as complex. These models need to be organized to be robust and readable in the changing phases and need to be reused. It is learnt that there are two known styles of the process of formal specification constructive and axiomatic specification styles (Lobet et al. 2015). Both the styles have advantages as well as disadvantages depending on the process of usage of the specification styles. However, the present day use of the tools of formal method is very useful, it can be used to solve the industrial problems, and they can be quite productive. Limitations The most important limitation of the system is the cost effectiveness. The initial experiments of the process of formal verification have been quite costly because of the use of techniques such as proving of theorem, which required significant time as well as expertise. The maximum cost was incurred on the creation of the RSML model of the Flight Guidance System. On the other hand, the constructive specification style has a disadvantage. It makes the readers biased towards a specific implementation (Yu and Lau 2012). Similarly, a specification, which is property oriented or axiomatic, can be more difficult and problematic to understand as well as write. Conclusion and Recommendations It is a very useful system and can be practically used. Therefore, the cost incurrence can be ignored keeping in mind the advantages of the system. The constructive system can be used in the basic programming languages such as Ada and C. It can be used for future use with few recommendations. Stronger techniques of abstraction will be required to decrease or reduce the problems and they can be further verified with the use of model checkers. The models need to be modified to identify the proof properties and strategies that can have an automatic generation from the model. References Acceituna, D., Do, H. and Srinivasan, S., 2014, May. A systematic approach to transforming system requirements into model checking specifications. InCompanion Proceedings of the 36th International Conference on Software Engineering(pp. 165-174). ACM. Lobet, G., Pound, M.P., Diener, J., Pradal, C., Draye, X., Godin, C., Javaux, M., Leitner, D., Meunier, F., Nacry, P. and Pridmore, T.P., 2015. Root system markup language: toward a unified root architecture description language.Plant Physiology,167(3), pp.617-627. Yu, Y.T. and Lau, M.F., 2012. Fault-based test suite prioritization for specification-based testing.Information and Software Technology,54(2), pp.179-202.

Structural consequences of the shift from technology

According to Gareth, 2010 technology-push which is a business strategy refers to a situation where new technological innovations are pushed via R and R, production as well as sales departments into the customers or the markets with no consideration or satisfaction of the end users.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Structural consequences of the shift from technology-push to demand-pull specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other hand, demand pull is a strategy in which innovation made by a business entity is purely based on the demands of the end-user. It has been thought that the later is the way forward for an organization to remain competitive in the current world of business. In the case of Sony and Guerrilla Games, there are structural issues of concern that arise in their quest to being a giant in the world of games. The four major design challenges include; vertical and horizontal differentiation, differe ntiation vs. integration, centralization vs. decentralization of authority and standardization vs. mutual adjustment. It is no doubt that the merger between the two organizations will bring about a conflict on whether to adopt standardized way of doing things or adopting a mutual adjustment approach. According to Gareth, 2010 it is worth noting that standardized although a good aspect of organizational structure, there will be need to ensure that it gives workers an opportunity to fully incorporate the ideas into the systems of coming up with better services and products. Despite the fact that it will help cut down cost as well as increasing reliability there are instances that standardization will bring about a forced way of ding things which may plunge the two organizations into trouble.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To curb this, there is need to resort in adopting mutu al adjustment where each of the organization will harmonized their differences and eventually share the same view points. Having in mind that decision making within an organization is of paramount significance especially considering time factor, a centralized environment of authority will pose a great problem to the firms as arriving at decision and giving direction might take a shorter time. Such decisions stand chances of being vague. Additionally this strategy gives very little room for consensus building; this may results to projects being arrived at without being fully agreed upon. On the other hand, decentralized authority brings with it a democratic working environment (Gareth, 2010). With this, views can be brought forth in an open manner hence supporting consensus building. However, it usually take more time to arrive at a decision since there will be involvement of a number of individuals as well as departments. Similarly, the issue of integration which typically is consid ered in terms of sharing information also arises when firms join forces. It is thought that integration bring a number of benefits regarding efficiency, agility, transparency as well as enhanced coordination. In situations where information is shared across a less hierarchy level, then it is evident that the information reaches the intended party within the right time frame for feedback to be provided. However, the approach make it time consuming when coming up with vital decisions. On the other hand the issue of growing into a complex organization comes into play. Such organization proves to be a challenge to manage.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Structural consequences of the shift from technology-push to demand-pull specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Lastly and more importantly, horizontal and vertical differentiation provides a challenge to the firms. In cases where the products produced are distinct in feat ures that cannot be ordered in an objective manner then horizontal differentiation will emerge. This comes in form of differences in differences in attributes of the products such as varying styles and tastes (Gareth, 2010). Vertical differentiation is applicable where one product is deemed better than the rest. With this in mind, orders are placed purely based on objective qualities. Reference Gareth, J. (2010). Organizational Theory, Design and Change. New York: Prentice Hall. This essay on Structural consequences of the shift from technology-push to demand-pull was written and submitted by user Kenna Murphy to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Ap Biology Lab 1 Report Essays

Ap Biology Lab 1 Report Essays Ap Biology Lab 1 Report Essay Ap Biology Lab 1 Report Essay Lab 1 Diffusion, Osmosis, and Water Potential of Glucose Problem: What effects will glucose have on diffusion, osmosis, and water potential? Background: All living things have certain requirements they must satisfy in order to remain alive. These include exchanging gases (usually CO2 and O2), taking in water, minerals, and food, and eliminating wastes. These tasks ultimately occur at the cellular level, and require that molecules move through the membrane that surrounds the cell. There are two ways that the molecules move through the membrane: passive transport and active transport. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a region in which they are highly concentrated to a region in which they are less concentrated. Diffusion occurs when a system is not at equilibrium. Several factors affect how fast a molecule will diffuse. The first of these is the kinetic energy of the molecule, which is most frequently measured as the temperature of the system. The size of the molecule also affects how rapidly it will diffuse. Diffusion can occur through a cell membrane. The membrane allows small molecules like water (H2O), oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and others to pass through easily. It is said to be permeable to these molecules. Osmosis is a special case of diffusion. In this case, a large molecule like starch, is dissolved in water. The starch molecule is too large to pass through the cell membrane, so it cannot diffuse from one side of the membrane to the other. The water molecules can, and do, pass through the membrane. Hence, the membrane is said to be semi-permeable, since it allows some molecules to pass through but not others. However, on the side of the membrane with the starch, the starch molecules interfere with the movement of the water molecules, preventing them from leaving as rapidly as they enter. Thus, more water flows into the side with the starch than flows out, and the starch gets diluted. If the starch is in a cell, the water moves into the cell faster than it leaves, and the cell swells. The cell membrane acts somewhat like a balloon, and if too much water enters the cell, the cell can burst, which kills the cell. So cells usually have some kind of mechanism for preventing too much water from entering or pumping the water out or simply making a tough outer coat that will not rupture. Data and Observations: ? ? ? Results and Discussion: Given the information recorded, it seems that the more sucrose is present the more water is taken away from the cell. That is when it comes to the potato. When only a dialysis bag is present however, the more sucrose, the more water that is taken in. References: Reece, Jane. Campbell, Neil. Biology Seventh Edition. San Francisco: Pearson, 2005 biologycorner. com/bio1/diffusion. html# http://hyperphysics. phyastr. gsu. edu/hbase/Kinetic/diffus. htm l

Love Quotes for Him That Melt the Heart

Love Quotes for Him That Melt the Heart If you have found your  true love, cherish him with your heart and soul. True love is a rare jewel. You are lucky to find one.  He makes your heart dance with joy. He mesmerizes you with his eyes. With him, time melts into nothingness. His touch makes you feel loved; his words soothe your heart. You think about him day and night. His words echo in your head, and you cant help smiling to yourself. You are in love. Wouldnt it be great if you could find a great bunch of love quotes for him that would speak the language of your heart? Have You Met Mr. Right? The first phase of courtship usually lasts a few weeks, perhaps a few months. After dating him for a while, you will know whether he is right for you. You miss him when he is not around. You find yourself keen to be with him again. If you feel a strong attraction towards this special person, you have met Mr. Right. Dont Over Analyze Him Do not waste time in self-doubt and confusion.  I have seen many relationships fail because of too much analysis. Do not overanalyze your relationship using logic or checklists. Let your heart take the lead. While it is natural for lovers to whisper sweet nothings, it is also likely that you have had a few arguments. If you have quarreled about petty matters, do not think that your love has reached a dead-end. You will find that when you make up after a fight, you love each other even more. Erich FrommImmature love says: I love you because I need you. Mature love says: I need you because I love you.Dave BarryWhat women want: To be loved, to be listened to, to be desired, to be respected, to be needed, to be trusted, and sometimes, just to be held. What men want: Tickets for the world series.John KeatsI love you the more in that I believe you had liked me for my own sake and for nothing else.Ralph Waldo EmersonA man is a little thing while he works by and for himself; but when he gives voice to the rules of love and justice, he is godlike.Barbara De AngelisYou never lose by loving. You always lose by holding back.Germaine De StaelLove is the emblem of eternity: it confounds all notion of time: effaces all memory of a beginning, all fear of an end.H. Jackson BrownLove is when the other person’s happiness is more important than your own.Helen KellerThe best and most beautiful things in the world cannot be seen or even touched. They must be felt with the heart.Elizab eth BrowningWhat I do and what I dream include thee, as the wine must taste of its own grapes. Roy CroftI love you, not only for what you are, But for what I am when I am with you.Ralph Waldo EmersonThe only true gift is a portion of yourself.John DonneCome live with me, and be my love, and we will some new pleasures prove, of golden sands, and crystal brooks, with silken lines and silver hooks.Vita Sackville-WestI miss you even more than I could have believed; and I was prepared to miss you a good deal.Amy LowellWhen you came, you were like red wine and honey, and the taste of you burnt my mouth with its sweetness. How Do You Know He Is the Man for You? The man you love may not be a handsome prince who sweeps you off your feet. Your love should be your  friend  and confidante. You may not have a whirlwind romance with him, but if he makes you feel secure, he is the man for you.Your lover needs to know how much he means to you. Dont hesitate to say, I love him. Grab the opportunity to express your deepest feelings. Here are some  love quotes  for him. Win over your sweetheart with these love quotes for him. Keep Your Sense of Humor Alive and Kicking Often, you may worry that he doesnt any longer sweep you off your feet. It may seem like the passion is gone. But dont rue that fact, otherwise, you will be condemned to move from one failed relationship to another. Instead, focus on rekindling the relationship. Even if the embers have cooled down, they can be rekindled. Each couple is unique, so I hesitate to dish out relationship advice. But one issue that constantly worries me is that some women regard relationship maintenance to be a mans job - almost exclusively. And that might be the root cause of a lot of relationship problems. Get into the drivers seat, at least once in a while, and everything will be fine again.

Discuss how the concept of affect can be integrated into a usability Essay

Discuss how the concept of affect can be integrated into a usability study - Essay Example isciplinary valuable meta-theory involving interactions involving feeling and cognition which has several useful implications for daily life, contemporary media, marketing, political affairs, psychology and sociology. Hence the concept of affect is a comprehensive psycho-somatic condition analogous to a particular goal-directed example of energy utilization. (Sobiesiak, Jones, and Lewis, 2008, 283) Affect can be small or long-term, weak or strong, sensible or insensible. The word usability was initially used nearly ten years ago in place of the expression â€Å"user friendly â€Å"that had obtained an undesirably indistinguishable and prejudiced implication. Usability is the evaluation of the eminence of an individual’s understanding while working with content or services. Following are the 3 different views explaining how usability can be evaluated: This paper describes a real-life example of integration of concept of affect and usability in new media i.e. autonomic system with strong ease-of-use characteristics. This system, the IBM DB2* Universal Database* (UDB) Version 8.1 autonomic computing system, employs a number of usability features combined with autonomic technologies to deliver an administrative interface unlike anything else in the industry. Autonomic computing is all about self-managing systems. It is amongst the best examples of integration of affect and usability in new media. At the core of the autonomic computing initiative is the concept that computers need to be more self-configuring, self-healing, self-optimizing, and self-protecting in order to reduce the overall complexity of a system. Autonomic computing is described as a "closed loop" system, which includes a "monitor-analyze-plan-and-execute" process in order to make decisions. (Smith, A. 2007, 378) From ease-of-use perspective, autonomic computing offers a leap forward in the following ways: Rarely does an IT component work "out of the box." As part of the installation process, there is

Investigation Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Investigation Plan - Assignment Example Anu. With regards to the questions that should be posed to her, the first of these is what specifically gave her the impression that she was not considered due to her ethnic background/religious views. Accordingly the second question would necessarily be whether or not the employer made any direct or indirect comments, whether legal or illegal with reference to national origin, religion, or any other aspects covered under the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Guerin & DelPo, 2009). Similarly, the second stakeholder that should be interviewed by the EEOC is the human resources manager. Although if this is a small firm, the human resources manager may very well be the same as the general manager, if it is a larger firm, the human resources manager will be a separate position in and of itself. The reason for this individual being chosen is due to the fact that the EEOC will need to determine the level and extent to which compliance with an appreciation of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is current ly being exhibited within the firm and within the employment process. With regards to the specific questions that the EEOC investigator should ask this individual, these would necessarily be concentric around the questions that are generally asked during an interview process as well whether an offer of employment was made over the phone to Anu. This second question will have a great deal of importance with regards to the final discussion that will be integrated within this brief analysis; i.e. the proof and understanding of whether or not an offer of employment was made and if it was to what conditions, if any, existed within this offer. The final stakeholder that must that certainly be is the hiring manager was responsible for interview Anu. As a result of the previous, the EEOC investigator will be able to determine based upon the spinal be whether or not Anu ultimately has a case or not (Leonard, 2007). The first question should be asked to this hiring is how many employees he/sh e employed at the time that Anu was offered her position stop this is an important but is the answer to that that Civil Rights Act of 1964 only applied to firms with 14 or more employees. If the firm had fewer than 14 employees the time that Anu was offered her position, this negates involvement that the EEOC might be played with regards to get case. Additionally, the hiring manager should be asked whether or not there is any process or work that a potential higher might be responsible for that would require them not to wear a sari. This last question is due to the fact that the Civil Rights Act of 1964 specifically denotes that an employer can make an exception to the discriminatory clauses elaborated upon in title VII should there be what is known and referred to as a bona fide occupational qualification. As such, if an employee in the bakery is responsible for a job that would require that they not wear loose fitting clothing, this might be understood as a bona fide occupational qualification (Lavin & DiMichele, 2012). Finally, it should be strongly noted that the exchange upon which Anu was offered the job took place over the phone stop accordingly, there exists no legal proof as to whether any conditions of employment were integrated within the offer was given. By discussing this topic with both the HR manager and the hiring

Stakeholder Analysis- Fracking Essay Example for Free

Stakeholder Analysis- Fracking Essay Pursuing hydraulic fracturing as a top manager of Chevron, I will describe the dilemmas that are associated with fracking. The first problem with this procedure is finding the appropriate land and leasing it from the landowners. With talk around the country, it can be difficult finding land because of landowners’ personal experience with the practice of hydraulic fracturing. In southwestern Pennsylvania there have been cases of animal birth defects, faucet erosion, stomach pains, and other health issues; in response, according to the New York Times, â€Å"Range Resources maintains that a D. E.P. study from 2010 indicates no air pollution of any kind† (Griswold, 2011). The country is torn in the middle of believing in natural gases and not believing. According to Huffington Post, â€Å"A report that the Congressional Research Service, which provides policy and legal analysis to the U.S. Congress, published in November also seems to support the industry’s sales pitch: ‘Given existing data, most indications point to the changes in the natural gas industry as positive to the overall U.S. economy’ (Peeples, 2013) but there are still skeptics. The issue that my company is facing in expanding the operations within this industry is, mainly, the uncertainty of the long term effects the fracking procedure is possibly contributing to. According to msnbc, â€Å"fracking is causing earthquakes. Federal scientists presented a new study this week to the American Geophysical Union that suggests natural gas drilling is the likely culprit behind a skyrocketing number of earthquakes in the Raton Basin in Colorado and New Mexico†¦ companies began injecting what’s called ‘wastewater fluid’ from natural gas drilling into the Earth† ( Gentile, 2012). Different publications are distributing articles of studies of health effects and environmental issues that hydraulic fracturing are causing. This in response is effecting the possible growth for Chevron. My team is conducting a stakeholder analysis and we have determined several stakeholders which include: the government, D.E.P., media, owners, shareholders, environmentalists, general public. Also established are the interests of each stakeholder. With the general public interests being in their health, voting is one power they could use to voice their concerns. Environmentalists and the D.E.P. are interested in the pollution fracking is causing and the D.E.P. could use their legal power to help regulate the pollution. The concerns of the shareholders are the profits of the company and voting is their power they could use to fix problems within the organization. With the power of economics, the owners are interested in the success of the company. The media is concerned with the public knowing both sides of the issue. Lastly, one main interest in the government is the reconstructing of the economy and what hydraulic fracturing could create in jobs. The stakeholders that are most likely to resonate with the public are the general public, media, and the environmentalists. With media producing stories of the public being affected by the pollution and the environmentalists undergoing studies on the environment, this could create a negative image on fracking companies. Considering all the stakeholders, the one stakeholder that holds the most urgency is the general public that is being affected. The general public is the most urgent because they are being victimized and their voices are being heard throughout the country which is causing confrontational issues. Different coalitions could be formed by the environmentalists and the government. Different politicians could lobby to get a bill pass and environmentalists could form to fight bills. My recommendation for the company’s consideration is to invest in more resource of the different affects fracking is causing and to fix the environmental issues that are caused. Ideally, Chevron should follow the triple bottom line perspective because all three elements (planet, profit, and people) are strongly involved. But with the uncertainty of the new procedures and all the different effects, the stakeholder approach is more realistic for Chevron. Chevron could prioritize their stakeholders and focus on each of their needs. This company holds ethical responsibility to the general public because of the health hazards that are surrounding the drill sites. The legal responsibility the company has is to follow the regulations that are formed by the D.E.P. Works Cited 1.) Grizwold, E. (2013). The Fracturing of Pennsylvania. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/20/magazine/fracking-amwell-township.html?pagewanted=all_r=1 2.) Gentile, S. (2012). Fracking is transforming our energy economy- but its also causing earthquakes. http://tv.msnbc.com/2012/12/08/fracking-transformed-our-energy-economy-but-its-also-causing-earthquakes/ 3.) Peeples, L. (2013). Fracking in Pennsylvania Sets Up Dilemma For Locals: Quick Money Or Long Term Health Concerns. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/25/fracking-pennsylvania-natural-gas-lease-landman_n_2546824.html?ir=greenutm_campaign=012513utm_medium=emailutm_source=Alert-greenutm_content=FullStory

Drug Trafficking :: essays research papers

Making Marijuana Legal?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When discussing whether to ultimately make marijuana legal or maintaining the current restrictions on the substance, it is necessary to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages the general public would gain by either decision. You can go almost anywhere and find someone who is either for or against this topic. Some say marijuana is harmless and has definite medical and recreational value. Still, others say that it is a very dangerous drug and should be kept illegal and off the streets because of it being known as the â€Å"gateway† drug. Marijuana is and, in my mind, always will be an illegal drug. Tons of it are shipped either in or out of the United States every year. It is probably one of the most attainable illegal drugs on the streets and is available pretty much everywhere. People have been abusing marijuana for centuries and still there is a debate whether to legalize it or not. It is a CNS depressant that can either be smoked or sometimes ingested orally. Marijuana has been shown to drastically slow reflexes in users and has been linked to car crashes and other accidents where fast reflexes were required. Since it is almost always smoked, the user runs the risk of contracted lung and other types of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   cancer by inhaling the fumes. Especially if it is being smoked in cigar paper wrapping, or a â€Å"blunt†. In the 1930’s it was believed that smoking marijuana turned people into maniac killers. We now know that this is not true and that most of the time it does the exact opposite and makes the user very lethargic and almost catatonic if the user becomes too intoxicated by the substance. Besides the obvious risks associated with smoking marijuana there is the belief that marijuana, in some cases, can lead to the abuse of harsher more illicit drugs, such as cocaine, heroin, and methamphetamine. This is one of the most startling things about marijuana and if true, may be one of the main reasons that we never see it legalized.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Almost three-quarters of the American population think marijuana should be made legal to doctors in order to prescribe it to patients who suffer from acute pain due to different illnesses, such as cancer. It has been clinically proven to help reduce the miserable side-effects cancer patients must endure due to their kemo-therapy treatments. Besides helping cancer patients marijuana has been used to treat very severe cases of nausea, glaucoma, severe pain, depression, and even convulsions.

Cross Cultural Beliefs About the Afterlife Essay

Abstract A study of American undergraduates indicated that the beliefs about the nature of life after death were quite complicated. A 41-item questionnaire produced 12 independent groups of beliefs. Belief in an internal locus of control and that one’s life is owned by God were associated with a more positive view of the afterlife, as was being Roman Catholic rather than Protestant. The most common beliefs were that one is reunited with family and friends, that the afterlife is comforting, that there is Heaven and that the transition is peaceful, all believed by more than 90 percent of the students. The afterlife is an idea that the conscious or mind of a being continuous after physical death occurs. There are many different believes about how the afterlife will be and what effects that outcome. In many popular views, this continued existence often takes place in an immaterial or spiritual realm. Major views on the afterlife derive from religion. Deceased people are usually believed to go to a specific planet after death. Regardless of the lack of evidence that is typically believed to be determined by a God. This is based on their actions during physical life. In contrast, the term reincarnation refers to an afterlife in which only the â€Å"essence† of the being is preserved, and the â€Å"afterlife† is another life on Earth or possibly within the same universe. Lester, Aldrige, Aspenberg, Boyle, Radsniak, and Waldron (2001-2002) based their research proposal on what Flynn and Kunkel (1987) found. Flynn and Kunkel (1987) used data from about one thousand respondents in the 1983 from a General Social Survey to analyze beliefs that the people had for life after death. They found three groups of beliefs. One is Otherworldly: life of peace, tranquility, paradise of pleasure and delight, loving intellectual communication, union with god and reunion with loved ones. Worldly Rewards: life of intense action like it is here on earth but a paradise of pleasure and delight. The third group was No Rewards: life without many earthly joys, a pale, shadowy sort of life, spiritually involving mind and not the body. The researchers found that the type of belief held about life-after-death was related to social class, financial status, and a history of trauma. No recent studies were identified on this issue until Lester et al. (2001-2002). The designing of this study was made to explore and expand the beliefs that people held about life-after-death. They used a 21-item questionnaire of the concepts of the afterlife. In the first method the questionnaire was given to 50 students who were enrolled in social science undergraduate courses. The mean age was 23.8 years old and the participants were mainly white. In the first method nine factors ever extracted about beliefs about afterlife. There were three major findings from the research that was obtained. One was that 19.8 percent accounted for that the life is much like the life on earth. There is a good and an evil. Not everyone is equal and that there are material objects in the afterlife. 13.4 percent accounted for that the cause of death, rituals carried out for you, the physical and psychotically state at death has an effect on how the afterlife would be. Lastly 8.5 percent accounted for the belief that the afterlife is a specific place, there is a day of judgment, and there is eternal bliss and that that is the final destinations. The second method was designed to enlarge properties, increase sample size and explore other personality correlates of beliefs, specifically belief on external locus of control. The research study consisted of 152 male and180 female participants who were undergraduate students from the same state college as the participants in the first method. The second method was expanded into a 41-item questionnaire. The mean age in the second method was 22.5 years old and the participants were mainly white. In this method twelve factors were identified about beliefs about afterlife. Three of the major factors were that 12.1 percent believe in Heave and Hell. 7.9 percent believe in reincarnation and 6.6 percent believed that there ate material objects and sexual desire in the after life. The gender differences that were found are that men are not less likely to believe in afterlife but they were less likely to believe in Heaven, reuniting with loved ones, communication with the living and request for forgiveness before death. Men were more likely the women to believe that there are material objects, that spirits have human form, that there is pain, hunger, thirst and that rituals carried out after death are important. The religious differences they found were that Protestant students were less likely to believe in life-after-death then Roman Catholic students. On the other hand, Protestant students were more likely to believe that there is Hell and that forgiveness needs to be requested to get into Heaven.One of the strengths that this article has is that they provided a broad hypothesis. It was not specific and that gave them more room to play around with how they want to test the beliefs on life-after-death. They basically just wanted to explore from what was found in previous search on the afterlife and find more detailed data. Another strengths in this article were the specific questions that the participants were asked about their beliefs in the afterlife. The researchers made the questions into simple yes or no answer kinds. This made it easier for the participants to answer what they believe in about the afterlife and it also made it easier and clearer for the researchers to extract the exact data that they were looking for. Also the researchers conducted two methods. There were extra questions that were added also. This helped the researchers find other specific beliefs. Overall, having two methods gives a better view of what data is best to keep and present. The first weakness of this article is that the date was only consumed from one specific university. This has a major limit on how this data will be taken into account by others. When data is taken only from one part of he country it limits how credible the findings are and how they can be used in future research. Another weakness is that the researchers only conducted a questionnaire in their method to finding data on beliefs about the afterlife. Another weakness is that the sample size was small in the first method. It may be hard to compare data between method one and method two because they have significant difference in sample size. Lastly, a major weakness would be the data expenditure of only undergraduate students with mean ages of 23.8 and 22.5 within the two methods verses consuming data from many different age groups. Cross-cultural research on beliefs about the afterlife is one of the major directions that can be taken with this research topic just as it was done by: Ambwani, Warren, Gleaves, Benito and Fernandez (2007) in their research on fear of fatness across the world. The data they conducted showed differences in beliefs on what body shape is socially acceptable in the United Sates verses Spain. There are so many different religions, cultures and individual beliefs regarding how life should be lived and what will come out of that. Some religions do not believe in the afterlife at all and some believe that this life is just a test for what will be the ever-lasting life after death. These differences need to be taken into considerations and research on more to further our understanding about all the cultures in our environments. Another future directions that can be taken with beliefs about the afterlife can be of great importance to the medical fields in research. Patients that have experienced trauma in their lives may have very important data that can help understand why people may have the different thoughts and beliefs about how the afterlife will and what will be in it. Research Purpose Cross-cultural Research would be a key direction to take beliefs about afterlife on. This would assess the differences in beliefs about afterlife beyond America. Cross-cultural research is beneficial because it covers a much wider range of variations in cultural activities then other studies that are based on single societies. For this particular subject on afterlife a comparison between America and Croatia will be done. The cultural differences about what beliefs individuals hold will be taken. The purpose is to show how different cultures may have different dynamics in how they believe their life had effected the belief they hold on afterlife. Croatians compared to Americans on average will believe in afterlife more. Another proposal is to test participants that have experienced trauma verses participants that have not experienced trauma. This would show how experience of trauma can affect a person view on life and how they may feel about afterlife. For this particular research it would show the difference been the two countries and between experience with trauma and experience with no trauma. On average participants that have experienced trauma will have a greater belief in afterlife verses participants with no experience with trauma. Research Methods The budget for this research proposal is 12,000.00 dollars. There are 400 participants to which 20.00-dollar Starbucks gift card will be given. That is 400Ãâ€"20, which equals 8,000.00 dollars. The money for the Starbucks gift cards will be transferred from here to Zagreb Croatia trough Bank of America free of charge. There are also four research assistants. Two native speaking Croatians that also speak English from the University of Zagreb and two Americans from Oakland University. Each of the assistants receive 1,000.00 dollars 4Ãâ€"1000, which equals to 4,000.00 for a total of 12,000.00-dollar research budget. The ideal characteristic for the participants in this research would be that they are college health college students that have a global point of view so that the date that will be collected from them is from a point of view that has seen more then just one way to live. The participants would also be ideal if they are completely honest about their answers since these are completely confidential items on the questionnaire. An equal amount of men and women would also be ideal. Although, that may be a difficult task it can be established by keeping track of how many men and women have come to take the online questionnaire. There will be 400 student participants will be chosen from America and Croatia. From America the participants will be gathered from Oakland University in Rochester Michigan and from Croatia the participants will be gathered from University of Zagreb in Zagreb. The participants will not be from a specific major study or group but randomly selected individuals. They will all be undergraduate students. There will be a total of 400 participants. Students will be split, 200 from Oakland University and 200 from University of Zagreb. The sampling methods will proceed in the fallowing order. The questionnaire will be taken online on a website make just for this research. The website that will be made by the Oakland Universities IT departments assistance free of charge. The online questionnaire will be taken individually in a room that will be provided for the research. This way the students do will feel more comfortable and less anxious about answering the questionnaire. There will be a research assistant present in that room during the time when participants take the online questionnaire to assist them of they have any questions about how to start the questionnaire and to assist them when they are done. After the participant completes the online questionnaire the research assistant will grant them with a twenty-dollar Starbucks gift card. The Measurements will be done with the questionnaire from method two of the original research study. The questionnaire will be back translated to Croatian. Items 1 to 41 will aid in determine if the participants believe in afterlife and what specific facts they believe about afterlife. How will the afterlife be? What will be in the afterlife? These items are very specific and will with no trouble help distinguish between participants that believe in afterlife verses those participants that do not in America and Croatia and it will help find the specifics that participants believe in about afterlife. Items that do not pertain to research purposes will be taken out and replaced with more appropriate items for the research. The participants will be asked to report their age. Also other items will be added to the questionnaire to fit the need for data consumption for the research of effect of trauma on participants and their beliefs (see appendix 1 for questionnaire items). Items 42 to 55 have been added to assist in finding the right data that is needed. These specific items in the questionnaire will help determine what kind of traumatic even the participant has experienced. Do they believe this has changed how they think and feel the afterlife will be like? Also a consent form and confidentiality agreement will be given to participants to sign. The data analytic plan will consist of Two-way ANOVA. A Two-way ANOVA of variance is an extension to the one-way analysis of variance. There are two independent variables. Some of the assumptions for Two-way ANOVA are that the population from which the samples are obtained must be somewhat normally distributed. The sample must be independent. The variance of population must be equal and the groups must have the same sample size. The two independent variables in Two-way ANOVA are called factors. The idea is that there are two variable, factors, that effect the dependent variable. Each factor will have two or more factors within it. For this research study the two independent variables (factors) are American students and Croatian students. Each of the factors has two other factors in it. In this case study the participants with trauma versus participants with no trauma are the factors within the independent variable. When using Two-way ANOVA the main effect, interaction effect and within variation are also establish. The main effect involves the independent variable one at a time. The interaction effect is the effect one factor has on the other factor. Lastly the within effect is the sum of squared within each treatment group. Two-way ANOVA will provide all the necessary dynamics need to aid in this research in finding and separating the data. The research procedure will consist of the fallowing method to assemble the participants and obtain the data needed. Back-translate the original questionnaire to Croatian. Invite participants to take part in the study via email and announcements by the staff member that are chosen as assistants in this study to their students in class. As participants walk in they will be guided to a computer in the designated room to take the online questionnair. Before participants take the online questionnaire they will be asked to sign a consent and confidentiality form. After taking the online questionnaire participants will receive their twenty-dollar Starbucks gift card. Then data will be collected and analyzed from America and Croatia. The significance of this research proposal is simply that it can be used in many ways for future research. This is simple because researching on culture always brings up interesting data apart from what the researches goal was to find in first place. However, to focus on the main significance of this research is health care. It is always the fasted growing field and the most advanced in technology but there is also always room for more improvement for people skills and knowledge about diversity. Being that America is the melting pot of the world, knowledge about cultural differences is always needed. This future direction can serve nurses and doctors and other medical professionals in understanding and communicating better with their patients. Since trauma is nothing new to the health care world it is a major fact that all health care professionals need to advance and keep getting educated about. Trauma has major effects on an individuals and it will have a major effect on what they believe after the traumatic experience. Some people may have come close to death in their traumatic experience. This might have taken them to the thought about what may be next? Is this it? These are just some of the questions people may wonder about. On the other hand people that have ever had major trauma may and may just have a broad belief about what they think the afterlife will be. Research on afterlife would benefit the medical fields in a great way. The nurses and other health care professionals would have a deeper understanding on what their patients that have chronic illnesses are feeling intrinsically. It would also give them a better chance of understanding different culture and know what the patient feels or does not feel comfortable with. This research can also benefit social worker and counselors and educators in connecting with their patients or students in a better way. Education about how traumatic experiences effect how people believe their afterlife will be can also be a factor of why they feel the way they do right now. This research will also open many more doors for future research on sub topics regarding afterlife and other interesting factors that may rise from this. Since there is not much research on afterlife this can be the icebreaker. References Ambwani, S., Warren, C., Gleaves, D., Benito, A., and Fernandez, M. (2008). Culture, Gender and Assesment of Fear of Fatness. European Journal of Psychological Assesment. 24, 81-87. Flynn, C. p., Kunkel, S. R. (1987). Deprivation, compensation, and conception of an afterlife. Sociological Analysis, 48, 58-72. Lester, D., Aldridge, M., Aspenberg, C., Boyle, K., Radsniak, P., and Waldron, C. (2002). What Is the Afterlife like? Undergraduates Believes about the Afterlife. Omega Center for the Study of Sluiced. 44, 113-126.

Consult

Consult Patient Name: Adela Torres Hospital ID: 13246 Consultant: Sachi Kato, M. D. , Dermatology Requesting Physician: Leon Medina, M. D. , Internal Medicine Date of Consult: 06/23/2011 Reason for Consultation: Please evaluate stomatitis, possibly methotrexate related. HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS: The patient is a very pleasant 57-year old female, a native of Cuba, being seen for evaluation and treatment for sores in her mouth that she has had for the last 10-12 days. The patient has a long history of severe and debilitating rheumatoid arthritis for which she has had numerous treatments, but over the past ten years she has been treated with methotrexate quite successfully. Her dosage has varied somewhere between 20 and 25 mg per week. About the beginning of this year, her dosage was decreased from 25 mg to 20 mg, but because of a flare of the rheumatoid arthritis, it was increased to 22. 5 mg per week. She has had no problems with methotrexate as far as she knows. She also took an NSAID about a month ago that was recently discontinued because of the ulcerations in her mouth. About two weeks ago, just about the time the stomatitis began, she was placed on an antibiotic for suspected upper respiratory infection. She does not remember the name of the antibiotic, although she claims she remembers taking this type of medication in the past without any problems. She was on that medication, three pills a day, for three to four days. She notes no other problems with her skin. She remembers no allergic reactions to medication. She has no previous history of fever blisters. (Continued) CONSULT Patient Name: Hospital ID:13246 Page 2 PHYSICAL EXAMINATION: Reveals superficial erosions along the lips, particularly the lower lips, the posterior buccal mucosa, along the sides of the tongue, and also some superficial erosions along the upper and lower gingiva. Her posterior pharynx was difficult to visualize, but I saw no erosions on the areas today. There did however appear to be one small erosion on the soft palate. Examination of the rest of her skin revealed no areas of dermatitis or blistering. There were some macular hyperpigmentation on the right arm where she has had a previous burn, plus the deformities from her rheumatoid arthritis on her hands and feet, as well as scars on her knees from total joint replacement surgeries. IMPRESSION: Erosive stomatitis, probably secondary to methotrexate. Even though the medication has been used for ten years without any problems, methotrexate may produce an erosive stomatitis and enteritis after such a use. The patient also may have an enteritis that at this point may have become more quiescent, as she notes that she did have some diarrhea about the time her mouth problem developed. She has had no diarrhea today, however. She has noted no blood in her stools and has had no episodes of nausea or vomiting. I’m not as familiar with the NSAID causing an erosive stomatitis. I understand that it can cause gastrointestinal upset, but given the choice between the two, I would think the methotrexate is the most likely etiology for the stomatitis. RECOMMENDED THERAPY: I agree with your therapeutic regimen regarding this condition with the use of prednisone and folic acid. I also agree that the methotrexate must be discontinued in order to produce a resolution of this patients’ skin problem. However, in my experience, this stomatitis may take a number of weeks to go away completely if a patient has been on methotrexate, for an extended period of time, because the medication is stored within the liver and in fatty tissue. Topically I have prescribed Lidex gel, which I find works extremely well in stomatitis conditions. It can be applied t. i. d. (Continued) CONSULTATION Patient Name: Hospital ID:13246 Page 3 Thank you very much for allowing me to share in the care of this pleasant patient. I will follow her with you as needed. _________________________ Sachi Kato, M. D. SK:YM D:06/23/2011 T:06/23/2011

Essay on Anxiety and Coerce， 使满 Suffice

Essay on Anxiety and Coerceï ¼Å' ä ½ ¿Ã¦ » ¡ Suffice Essay on Anxiety and Coerceï ¼Å' ä ½ ¿Ã¦ » ¡ Suffice * ä ½Å"æâ€"‡æ› ¿Ã¦  ¢Ã¨ ¯  Ã¥ ¾â€"åˆ °Ã¯ ¼Å'ä »ËœÃ¥â€¡ º ä »ËœÃ¥â€¡ º ç »â„¢ Give, offer, endow, endue, present, bestow, provide, supply, furnish Impart, instruct, apprise, teach, instill, inculcate, Proffer, confer, donate, contribute, subscribe, bequeath, Issue, flow out, release, æ” ¯Ã¥â€¡ º Cost, spend, pay, pay out, expend, disburse, Prodigal, profligate, splurge, spendthrift, dissipate frugal, scrimp, skimp, abstemious, Expenditure, subvention, Ã¥ ½â€™Ã¨ ¿Ëœ,Ã¥  ¿439 Return, hand out, restore, reciprocate, remunerate, revert, Compensate, reimburse, indemnify, expiate, atonement, Salary, remuneration, Emolument, honorarium, 分é…  Distribute, allocate, issue, hand out, apportion, allot, dispense, ration, allot, assign,designate; Distribution, dispensation ration, allotment æâ€" ½Ã¥Å    impose, entail, exert, inflict, suppress, subjugate, compress ,repress, coerceï ¼Å' ä ½ ¿Ã¦ » ¡ Suffice, satiate, satisfy, cater, sate, meet requirement, gratify Suffuse, implant, instill, infuse, fill, impregnate, æ” ¾Ã¥ ¼Æ' Relinquish, give up, disclaim, abdicate, abjure, waive, renounce, recant, wean, forsake, abdicate, desert, forswear, renounce, repudiate, forgo, disown, disavow, abandon Renunciation, èŽ ·Ã¥ ¾â€" Ã¥ ¾â€"åˆ ° Get, receive, Accept, attain, acquire, obtain, gain, repossess, retrieve, procure, catch, Earn, profit, embezzle, peculate, defalcate, graft, appropriate, Obtainable, accessible, receptive, Receiver, recipient, procurement Ã¥ ¤ º Deprive, take away, exact, extort, dispossess, bereave, divest, strip, Loot, ravage, ransack, sack, despoil, plunder, rapine, snatch, ,exploit, distill, Confiscate, impound, sequestrate, forfeit, expropriate Exaction, depredation, spoliation, Ã¥  ¸Ã¥ ¼â€¢ Attract, appeal, fascinate, draw, charm, intrigue, enchant, tempt, allure, enchant, enthrall, rivet, fix, spellbind, intoxicate, engross, occupy, captivate, enamor, Attractive, appealing, charming, pleasing, attractiveness, fascination, charisma, personal, magnetism, attraction, fascination, Ã¥Å'…å  «510 | Contain, consist of, comprise, cover, encompass, span, contain, encompass, subsume, consist of, include, involve, embroil, implicate, ; Configuration componentï ¼Å' éÅ"ۏ ¦ , Require, call for, need, demand, necessitate, Necessary, required, requisite, essential, Requisite, prerequisite, requirement, precondition, ä ½ ¿ ä ½ ¿ Cause to be, make, lead to, render, turn into, trigger, activate, cause, è ¦ Ã¦ ±â€šÃ¯ ¼Å'è ¯ ·Ã¦ ±â€šÃ¯ ¼Å' Request, ask, entreat, demand, petition, appeal to Solicit, invoke, plead, implore, beseech, adjure, Dictate, command, mandate, order, instruct, charge, Imperative, essential, compulsory, mandatory, urgent, obligatory, Request, requisition, petition, invocation; ä ¿Æ'ä ½ ¿Ã¯ ¼Å' åŠ Ã¨ ¯ ´Ã¯ ¼Å' Advise, urge, argue, advocate, persuade, sway, influence, Convince, expostulate, exhort, hortative åˆ ºÃ¦ ¿â‚¬Ã¯ ¼Å' æ ¿â‚¬Ã¥ â€˜Ã¯ ¼Å'é ¼â€œÃ¥Å  ± Stimulate, activate, spur, incite, agitate, inspire, arouse, excite, provoke, actuate, incite, foment, stir up, trigger, Kindle, enkindle, ignite encourage, motivate, invigorate, prompt, instigate, Impetuous, impulsive; Drive, motivation, incentive, inducement, impetus æŽ ¨Ã¥Å  ¨Ã¯ ¼Å'é © ±Ã¥Å  ¨Ã¯ ¼Å'è ¿ «Ã¤ ½ ¿ Push, drive, propel, force, oblige, propel, compel goad Ã¥ ¨ Ã©â‚¬ ¼Ã¥Ë† ©Ã¨ ¯ ± æ ¬ ºÃ© ªâ€"ï ¼Å' ä ¼ ªÃ¨ £â€¦ Deceive, dupe, cheat, swindle, hoodwink, Disguise, Duplicity, artifice, chicanery, deception, scheme, subterfuge, duplicity. Ã¥ ¼â€¢Ã¨ ¯ ± Beguile, lure, tempt, allure, entice, tantalize, coax, delude, cozen, beguile,, Guile, deceit, cunning, wile, trickery Wily Ã¥ ¨ Ã¥ â€œ Threaten, menace, intimidate ,hector, frighten, bully, Threatening, menacing, Threat, menace å… Ã¨ ® ¸,æ‰ ¿Ã¨ ® ¤ Allow, let, permit, license Allowance, license, permission, consent, sanction, authorization Ã¥ ¿Æ'ç â€  æÆ' ³Ã¨ ¦  æÅ"ŸæÅ"› Expect, look forward to, wait for, look ahead to, suppose, anticipate, await æ ¬ ²Ã¦Å"ݕ ¼Å'æ ¬ ²Ã¦ ±â€š Wish, want, desire, long, yearn, aspire, crave, hanker, covet: Desirous, eager, avid, greedy, acquisitive, much desired, coveted, ambitious, enterprising; Longing, aspiration, yearning, ambition, avarice, desire for, appetite, desire æ„ Ã¥â€º ¾ Intend, tend to, mean, plan, be inclined to, predispose, resolve, prone to, apt to, disposed

Testimony vs. Testimonial

Testimony vs. Testimonial Testimony vs. Testimonial Testimony vs. Testimonial By Mark Nichol What’s the difference between testimony and testimonial? The former word refers to formal presentation of facts, while the latter, while denoting the same meaning, has a more qualitative connotation in which opinion (and perhaps deception) is expressed as well. Testimony means â€Å"the statement of a witness† and is used generally used only in a legal sense; originally, it also referred to evidence, but that sense is obsolete. Testimonial, as an adjective, means â€Å"of or pertaining to testimony,† but as a noun it means â€Å"a statement of one’s character or qualifications.† This sense has been extended to refer to a common type of advertising in which a person testifies to the efficacy or quality of a product, as well as to a gift symbolizing appreciation. And just as testimony may be faulty or may involve perjury, testimonials are not necessarily reliable or deserved. Testify, meanwhile, is a verb meaning â€Å"to bear witness.† A related word is testament, from the Latin word testamentum, meaning â€Å"a will† or â€Å"publication of a will†; it derives ultimately from testis, meaning â€Å"witness.† Other words with the syllable -test include the verbs attest (â€Å"affirm† or â€Å"prove†), contest (â€Å"dispute† or â€Å"oppose,† originally in the sense of witnessing against someone, but now also meaning â€Å"compete†), detest (with the original sense of â€Å"denounce† but now generally meaning â€Å"abhor, dislike intensely†), and protest (originally, â€Å"declare or state formally or solemnly† but now meaning â€Å"complain† or â€Å"speak out against†); noun forms of contest and protest and nouns extending from attest and detest (attestation and detestation); and adjectival forms such as detestable. The syllable -test in these words is related to Indo-European root word for â€Å"three†; the connection is that a third person, ostensibly neutral, is the ideal witness for providing testimony. Also, curiously enough, the word test, as a synonym for exam or trial, probably has no connection to the Latin syllable; it comes from the unrelated Latin word testum, meaning â€Å"earthen pot,† the earliest type of vessel used for assaying precious minerals. (This term is related to texere, meaning â€Å"to weave,† from which we get the word textile.) Testicle (plural testicles, medical terms testis and testes), meanwhile, is associated with the sense of witnessing, perhaps in that the male reproductive organ bears witness to virility; one scholar, however, does make a connection between testis, the Latin origin of testicle, and testum, the Latin word for a pot. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Addressing A Letter to Two PeopleThe Difference Between "will" and "shall"10 Writing Exercises to Tighten Your Writing

The rise and influence of Franklin D. Roosevelt during World War 2 Essay

The rise and influence of Franklin D. Roosevelt during World War 2 - Essay Example Franklin Delano Roosevelt, America’s longest serving President, is one of the most important political figures of the twentieth century. He led the USA through twelve years of domestic and international disorder and war. It is a general perception among people that no American President is more concerned about how he is portrayed than Franklin Roosevelt. He shrouded himself in dozens of disguises, including Sphinx, Father, Doctor, and Captain of the Ship of State. One main theme was consistent. Franklin Roosevelt invariably represented himself and was portrayed by others, as hale, hearty, optimistic, and healthy, his most brilliant disguise. That image of vigor makes ironic the debate over the depiction of Roosevelt in his memorial statues in Washington, DC, and raises complex issues about the portrayal of the best known but most enigmatic president of the twentieth century.Historians have always ranked Roosevelt as one of the greatest presidents of the United States along with George Washington and Abraham Lincoln. Franklin Roosevelt and World War II Between 1929 and 1945 the United States experienced a global depression and another world war. During t his time of grave calamity almost everywhere, economic collapse called forth political instability and nationalist movements. In Europe and Asia the rise of Italian fascism, German Nazism, and Japanese militarism intensified economic competition over markets and scarce resources, resulting in conflict and war . In the countries of Latin America the Great Depression led to breakdowns and political difficulties, the consequences of which encouraged the United States to respond in distinctive ways by fashioning a Good Neighbor policy. The Great Depression, which set in after the historic Stock Market Crash of 1929, and World War II would bring substantial expansion of the practice and its concepts. President Franklin D Roosevelt, a consummate practitioner who had been tutored in public relations by Louis McHenry Howe since 1912, would lead the way. He was elected four times against the strong opposition of the majority of American newspapers by using his true strong leadership and taking his message to the people on the nation's front pages and on radios. The term "good neighbor", a kind of commonplace in diplomatic language, took on actual meaning during the presidencies of Herbert C. Hoover and Franklin D. Roosevelt. For Latin Americans the term signified the end of an era of direct intervention by the United States in Latin American affairs. For the Roosevelt administration the Good Neighbor policy also functioned significantly in other ways: It served as an international counterpart of the New Deal by attacking the economic effects of the Great Depression and later as a means of mobilizing resistance among the nations of the New World against the Axis powers during the Second World War. As the historian Robert Freeman Smith explains, taken together the various components formed "a massive, although ill-defined government effort" under U.S direction to create "an integrated hemisphere system" characterized by high levels of "political, economic and military co-operation". FDR's success in winning public support spurred the efforts of the conservative forces, particularly Big Business, to develop programs to counter his appeals. To bring the United States out of the Depression, President Roosevelt initiated a number of actions agencies - the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, the Civilian Conservation Corps, and the Works Project Administration - that required extensively publicity in order to gain cooperation and acceptance. Thus, the public information system in the federal government was greatly enlarged in FDR's administration. In a sense and to oversimplify - the Second World

Internet Retailing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Internet Retailing - Essay Example In particular, its ability to provide information, facilitate two-way communication with customers, collect market research data, promote goods and services and ultimately to support the online ordering of merchandise, provides an extremely rich and flexible new retail channel (Doherty and Ellis-Chadwick, 2003). Indeed, online shopping is now estimated to be the fastest growing area of internet usage (Forsythe and Shi, 2003). Given the internet's potential to radically re-configure the underlying processes of retailing, and because of the highly dynamic and innovative nature of the electronic marketplace, there has been an explosion of academic interest in the application of this new electronic phenomenon, in the retail context. It is not, perhaps, surprising that from such a highly dynamic organizational phenomenon, an equally dynamic body of literature should emerge. Moreover, because the commercial exploitation of the internet has technical, logistical, commercial, strategic, behavioral, social and legal implications, the emergent body of literature is both extremely large and highly diverse. ... A small number of researchers have already risen to the challenge of reviewing the internet literature, and three reviews, in particular (Reynolds, 2000, Ngai, 2003) have been influential in shaping this study. However, all three have their limitations. Reynold (2000) and Ngai (2003) have both addressed the related field of internet marketing, but have chosen not to adopt an explicit retail focus, whilst the Reynold's (2000) review, which does have an internet retailing focus, is now rather dated. Consequently, the primary aim of this paper is to present a review and critique of the internet retailing literature, which seeks to highlight key themes, emerging patterns and perhaps most importantly gaps that are still to be filled. Given the growing recognition that the internet has the potential (Porter, 2001) to significantly affect an organization's strategic positioning, we were particularly interested to explore the extent to which strategic issues have been explicitly tackled in t he internet retailing literature. Al-Hadaayah Bookstores Al-Hidaayah is predominantly a books retailer, with interests in books retailing as well as publishing. Its principal business is the retail sale of "trade books" (generally hardcover and paperback consumer titles, excluding educational textbooks and religious titles), mass market paperbacks (such as mystery, romance, science fiction and other popular fiction), children's books, bargain books and magazines. Al-Hidaayah is the pioneer and still the leading operator of book superstores in the UK. Its flagship store on central London has been widely recognised as the most authoritative bookstore in the country, and perhaps, the world. Al-Hidaayah has a private label strategy,

Compare and Contrast Great Britain and France's most recent elections Research Paper

Compare and Contrast Great Britain and France's most recent elections - Research Paper Example This writing will focus upon the recent elections that took place in France as well as Great Britain. This writing will focus upon the differences between the election procedures, power structures, voting trends and voting systems experienced by the Great Britain and France. Body French Elections 2012 The presidential elections of 2012 that were held in France during the month of 2012 had a total of 10 individuals running for the president. These ten individuals included Francois Hollande and Nicolas Sarkozy. Sarkozy was the previous president of France and was running for the seat for the second time and according to the constitution of France; he was running for the second and the final time. After the first set of elections, both Sarkozy and Hollande stood as the leaders with 28% votes earned by Hollande and 27% votes earned by Sarkozy. This led to the second round in which both Hollande and Sarkozy took part, the end result of the second round was that both failed to gain majorit y and the difference between the percentage of votes for both the candidates was only 3%. Hollande took the lead by winning 51.64 votes and Sarkozy stood second by winning 48.36% votes (Thompson 131). This ended in the victory of Hollande and after this election followed the elections of Legislative level. The number of people who voted during the second round was much higher than the number of people who voted in the elections of the Great Britain. The average votes from all the territories was 82%, in which highest turnaround was experienced in the voters of Lot and lowest turnaround was experienced in the votes from the region of Saint-Martin. Sarkozy had a stronger hold in the southern and eastern regions of the nation and he was able to secure 60% of the total votes. Sarkozy even gained majority in areas that had voted in round one for Marine Le Pen but ample amount for support from Hollande was even available because of his proposal of Change. A two staged election process is used in France to select the president of the nation, in the first round different parties take part and one candidate from these parties is selected to run for the president’s office. Those who are elected as candidates have to attain 500 endorsements before being selected as a candidate. If the results of the first round do not select a majority, then a second round takes place in which two candidates who have the most number of votes run for the office and the individual who secures the majority of the votes in the second round, ends up securing the position. The voters list of France comprises of all French citizens who have reached the age of 18, these people include only those who are regarded as French Nationals and are registered to vote. There are several issues on which the voters of French presidential elections cast their vote. One of the major issues concerning the voters is the issue of unemployment which as been quite high in the recent past. According to the 2 007 statistics, the rate of unemployment in France was 9% (Brooke 757). The most lethal issue experienced by voters is the issue of immigration. It is said that the French community has become divided due to the issue of immigration. The numbers of immigrants that have been deported from France since 2002 have increased and have doubled. Another issue experienced by the voters of presidential elections is the issue of Law and order. The most popular party

Special interest tourism

Special interest tourism Abstract Tourism is included in the most dynamic and propulsive activities, with complex and multiple effects. It supplies tourism with strong driving force in wide range of activities and includes it more and more into priorities of economic development of numerous receptive countries and their particular parts. Wealth, preservation and appeal of natural resources, large number of traditional agricultural households, gradual increase in domestic population living standard, as well as increasing interest of international market for performances of special interest tourism, make solid framework for development of this branch of tourism in Serbia, where required conditions exist. The development of other, accompanying activities is emphasized also in order to enrich the content that this particular branch of tourism has to offer. The intention of the authors in this paper is to, whit particular retrospective on conditions in Croatia and Serbia, answer to some developmental questions of tourism progress, depending on natural, economic and social facts, recognition of geographic aspects of terrain and determination by human factor in enhancing special interest tourism with all of its following content, through its work and activities. Key words: special interest tourism, comparative analysis, market, accommodation capacities, education. Introduction Based on key factors of success analysis, apparent is that both destinations have relatively good potential for developmental and international commercialization of tourism product. The fact is, that this product is based on preserved natural resources, to the larges extent, which both countries are abundant with, which enables them to define, develop and supply international market with attractive product palette of special tourism services. Natural and economic resources of special interest tourism in Istrian Regoin and Kolubara District Istrian Region by its geographic and natural landmarks has significant advantage, amongst others, in development of special interest tourism. This is justified by numerous data that evidence Istrian precedence in degree of quality supply, as well as the visit, when it comes to tourism in general. To comprehend completely essential vantages for tourism development of special interest places, parallel review of basic characteristics of each region is given, Istrian Region and Kolubara District, that also disposes with numerous natural attributes and potential possibilities. Additional assurance of special interest tourism prosperity on both locations, what can be seen from previous table is attractive relief that includes water areas, mountains, numerous gouges, caves and other. Segments of product Starting with a fact that special interest product is compounded of large number of market niches, the easiest way to segregate it is following: Mild or soft activities that include camping, hiking, bike riding, rafting, 44 driving, in-nature activities, horse riding, fishing, etc. Some of these activities, for example animal chase are being largely commercialized in Istria and Serbia, while some are being included in maps and catalogues of specialized operators, more in Istria then in Kolubara District. It is good to keep in mind that particular niches of special interest products, can represent an included part of product group Mountains and Lakes as additional activities while vacationing. Rich offer of activities represents a base for development of these products throughout the year, not only during high season. Rough or hard activities, that refer to canoeing or kayaking down river streams, exploring canyons, caves, mountain biking, cross country skiing, alpinism, free climbing, paragliding, jeep safari and similar. All of these activities, can in long-term, be presented as independent product on the market, particularly because their organization and popularization need more investment in promotion, standard formation and similar. Cultural resources activities, gastro interests, monastery tours, places of importance heritage tours, archeological journeys and similar. Market special interest products ought to be introduced to domestic market, as well as to foreign emissive markets of special interest like Germany, Great Britain, France, Netherlands, Italy etc. Competitive strategy of special interest tourism development in Serbia Taking into consideration complexity of the product, it is hard to determine unique developmental strategy. Each creative and professional destination, with its management on behalf, will determine its own competitive strategy. Regarding that Serbia is taking smaller steps in tourism supply and in its representation on foreign markets, in comparison to Istria, it must specially focus on these production segments which accompanied with reasonable prices and low costs make its biggest potential. On the other hand, Serbia must directly approach communication among its strategic benefits in special interest product, even more because of the fact that these products development and their international popularization do not require large financial investment. Although the special interest product is of mostly seasonal character, vast resource base provides Serbia with possibility of organizing activities in this domain, throughout the year. Aiming for faster popularization of special interest product, needed is to stimulate development of destination management companies, who have programs for preparation and development of different product segments. Special interest product are usually promoted by specialized brochures of foreign tour-operators, presentations on specialized fairs and especially by direct marketing and internet. To enhance international promotion of this product in Serbia, special internet platform should be established, connected to powerful international internet providers. Accommodation facilities are essential and characteristic features of tourism area, which implies that their space and quality in significant part determine range of tourism circulation; their types, forms and quality directly affect types and forms of tourism and therefore tourisms economy effects. In continental Istria possibilities of hotel, camp, private accommodation and family agricultural households prevail. In Kolubara District domestic country tourism is developed, which could contribute to tourism development of that particular part of Serbia in total, but its still being conducted slowly and poorly organized. Models of development Considering special interest product as mainly reposing on natural resources preservation, both in Istrian Region and Kolubara District, there is a big chance for this product to develop, define itself and offer itself to international market. Special interest product can in medium term develop on low cost strategy, with small investments and reasonable prices, considering wealth of resources. In medium and long term, Serbia must raise general competitiveness level in field of infrastructure development, particularly road accessibility, which open numerous opportunities for special interests products development, what characterizes majority of even vaguely developed tourist countries. Besides, both regions have traditional and cultural heritage and conditions that facilitates them to attract tourists interest, what enables tourists to, while on vacation, use their leisure time to get to know the people and surroundings, where they temporarily reside in (to see the museums, galleries, special collections and similar). Cultural manifestations also have strong ability to attract tourists, supplying with enrichment of contents, higher value to an area or a place and enable higher cost budget. Naturally, high emphasis is put on distinguished conditions for rural tourism development in agro-tourism oasis of Istria and Kolubara. Global market potential of special interest product significantly overcomes possibilities of Serbia and Istria to develop and popularize this product, exceptionally in short and medium term. Therefore, intensifying global communication of this product by mediation with present global internet portals is of great importance. Simultaneously, creation of sales orientated internet portal and other common steps of advanced popularization with preceding unification of special interest product leading organizations. Conclusion Development and popularization of special interests do not require high investment. Therefore, the emphasis is on management of activities that are much less favored in Istrian Region and Kolubara District. Following this context, developmental model of this product should be based on following activities: Location of coordination responsibility for development and popularization of special interest product, especially because of large number of small individual organizations activities (for example fishing and animal chase) lacking in joint effort for serious popularization, on behalf of the region or whole country. Identification and creation of unique data base of activity organizations and special interest supply. Creation of greatest worlds tour-operators data base in field of special interests. Support and financial stimulation for private personae when forming new companies for destination management. Additional regulation of activities description for these companies, that make the most important link in chain of product value. Drawing initiative for general preservation and sustainable development of mountains, rivers and lakes, together with successive formation of infrastructure favorable for special interests development. Program of incorporation of specialized and scientific workers and education of tourist guides for various cultural and scientific contents in field of this product. Formation of special quality systems in field of special interest products. Seminary organization by qualified companies in all tourism clusters. Organization of special tours for those engaged in this field. Support of specialized magazines and publication launching in this field. Educational program for specialized guides Consumer protection program and other competitiveness programs in general. References DFV, Nachhaltige Entwicklung: Tourismus und Umwelt, 2008 Hamovic, V. „Quality of service and consumer protection in tourism, Besjeda, Banja Luka,RS, 2004 Horner, S., Swarbrook, J. International cases in tourism management, Elsevier, London, England, 2004 htt://www.wttc.org/reports/wttc99ver1.3doc Kripendorf, J. „Traveling Mankind, Zavod za istraÃ…Â ¾ivanje trÃ…Â ¾iÃ… ¡ta, Zagreb, Croatia, 1986 Ph. Kotler, Keller K. Marketing management, Data status, Belgrade, Serbia, 2006; Weaver, D., Lawton, L. „Tourism mangement, Data status, Belgrade, Serbia, 2008; Strategija razvoja turizma Srbije do 2015.godine; MagaÃ… ¡, D., „Management in touris organization and destinations, Adamic, Rijeka, Croatia, 2003; MaruÃ… ¡ic, M., PrebeÃ…Â ¾ac, D. „Tourist market research, ADECO, Zagreb, Croatia, 2004; BuleÃ… ¡ic, E. „Rural tourism in Istria, University in Rijeka, Business department Pula, Croatia, 2004. Golja, S. „Opportunities for tourism development in rural area of Istrian Region University in Rijeka, Business department Pula, 2008. This article represents a part of the Project no. 149007 D research results Multifunctional Agriculture and Rural Development Aimed at EU Integration of Serbia, financed by the Serbian Ministry of Science and and project Competitiveness and Comparative sustainable rural development of Istra and Kolubara region, within the program of scientific-technical cooperation of R.Serbia and R.Croatia. Both projects are financed by the Ministry of Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia.

The Consumer And The Gimmick :: essays research papers

The Consumer and the Gimmick Today there are many factors that hurt the music industry. One factor involves the way we push musicians into allowing the industry to popularize one good song thus forgetting the rest of the album.   We the consumers have somehow been satisfied with just one good song from one mediocre band.   Perhaps there is a simple formula for disaster.   First the song is played on the radio and then the video is constantly on MTV, thus causing us to get tired of the music.   It's as easy as that! We sit and whine about not hearing enough from our favorite band, but once they come out with new music we smother ourselves in it. We then get sick of it and are left looking for something new to fulfill our cravings. This is when we, the monster consumers of music, decide to take our interest to the next hit song. It's not all our fault. You have to put at least some blame on the bands themselves. They feel that it is part of their job to indulge our wants.   We as lovers of what these songwriters do are appalled and disgusted by hearing anything but the best from our favorite bands.   Once we have what we want it's not long before we want more.   This is because we consume the musicians' talents like a fast food happy meal.   We open the box, take out the toy, throw away the contents, and then bitch about being hungry.   When we do this we always say, "It's a cool song, but they are a one hit wonder."   We the hungry consumer do not give the bands a chance to show their true musical talents. One example involves the group Verve Pipe and their hit song "The Freshman." This songs LP was out in December. No one noticed it until halfway through the month of March.   "The Freshman" was played every thirty minutes on the radio and fifteen times a day on MTV. This in my opinion results in the complete overplay of one bands hit song.   Now we consider them a "One hit wonder."   The Verve Pipe has more good music, but who is to say that anyone will ever hear it? Another thing that hurts the industry is the reliance on gimmicks. Finding  Ã‚   talent in a band that relies on gimmicks is as easy as lifting a three-hundred pound man above you head.   Sure for some it is easy, but for others it's damn near impossible.   A few bands that rely on gimmicks are Marilyn Manson and basically any rapper you can think of off the top of your head.

Life of Bob Marley

Gabrielle Coelho ENC 1101 Informative Essay Bob Marley â€Å"Who are you to judge the life I live, I know I'm not perfect and I don't live to be, but before you point fingers make sure your hands are clean†, one of my favorite Bob Marley quotes; I know it by heart. This quote is perfect to me because I know I'm not perfect and I don't allow anybody to judge my lifestyle or decisions especially if they have or made the same or worse decisions. I grew up listening to Bob Marley's music because of my dad. Nobody loves reggae or Bob Marley more than my dad.So ever since I've been little I've had a love for Bob Marley. Bob Marley, born Robert Nesta Marley, is a singer, song writer and musician. He was the most widely known reggae performer and was a great aid in spreading Jamaican music and the Rastafari movement. Marley first began his career as the lead singer of the music band â€Å"Bob Marley and the Wailers†, making songs such as â€Å"I Shot the Sheriff† and â⠂¬Å"Get Up Stand Up† which are still known today. The Wailers later broke up while each of the members continued to pursue solo careers.Marley later had his first international hit, outside of Jamaica â€Å"No Woman No Cry†. Marley was also very much involved with the social and political issues going on in Jamaica. He held rallies and free concerts, which some turned violent where Marley was shot, but fully recovered after. Bob Marley had many children; two from is wife Rita Anderson, two adopted from Rita's previous relationship and several others from different women, according to the Bob Marley official website. Bob also has many grandchild, a few I personally know myself from middle school.Most of Marley's children and grandchildren reside in Miami now. Bob Marley continued to make the best lyrical and influential reggae music, with songs like â€Å"One Love†, â€Å"Jamming† and â€Å"Redemption Song†. In July 1977, Marley discovered a type of melanoma under his toe, which was a symptom of already existing cancer. Doctors told Marley that he should get his toe amputated, but refused because of his religious beliefs. Despite his illness Marley continued on with his world tour up until his final show in at the Stanley theater in Pittsburg.Marley became very ill and the cancer spread through out his body. After fighting the cancer for eight months without success Marley died on the morning of May 11, 1981, in the Cedars of Lebanon hospital in Miami. All in all, Bob Marley introduced the world to the mystic power of reggae. His influential music is loved by everybody all over the world. His music was educational, lyrical and very positive. Bob Marley always stood up for what he believed him which is why I adore him too. Marley is still very popular after his death and his legacy still lives on today.

Principles of Project Management Essay

1. The Commitment Principle An equitable commitment between the project sponsor and the project delivery team must exist before a possible project exists. The Project Sponsor is considered to be the Project Owner who provides resources such as funds, services and general direction. The project delivery team is the one in charge for appropriate techniques, plans and controls for using the skills needed and work to convert those resources into the required deliverables or product. Dealing with a Sponsor is a matter of developing a trust and understanding between the Sponsor and the team. Project sponsors should set clear boundaries for cost and time, with which the manager should work. If he/she cannot provide the agreed deliverables within these constraints, concerns must be escalated to the sponsor for a decision. Defined roles and responsibilities: A project team in which ALL people understand their responsibilities and sincerely believe they can achieve them. Each person must know how they can contribute to project objectives. Project stakeholders must have a clear understanding of their roles and responsibilities, to be able know exactly what he or she is supposed to be doing. Project environment is of critical importance and requires definition and understanding. 2. The Success Principle The measures of project success, in terms of both process and product, must be defined at the beginning of the project as a basis for project management decision making and post-project evaluation. Success for a project and how it will be measured after completion needs to be defined at the beginning of the project. The most important reason is to provide an on-going basis for management decision making during the course of the project. The timing of the measurement of success itself may also need identifying. It is not possible to measure its ultimate success without agreement on the project’s success criteria 3. The Tetrad Trade-off Principle The core variables of the project management process — namely, product scope, quality grade, time-to-produce, and 4 total cost-at-completion — must all be mutually compatible and definitely attainable. The term â€Å"Tetrad trade-off† is quite an unfamiliar word, but possibly this is the value of the term to stressed that there are four separate but interactive variables which are scope, quality, time and cost rather than just three as in the old view of ‘Triple Constraint’ (time, cost and performance.) The advantage of viewing the four as a tetrad rather than choosing only three to form a triangle is that it gives more importance to quality. Of the four, the quality of the product is apparently, and in fact, the most stable. 4. The Strategy Principle A strategy encompassing first planning then doing, in a focused set of sequential and progressive phases, must be in place. Before the project start, it is very important that consumers think thoroughly about the products, or deliverables they need. They must be prà ©cised and detailed about their requirements to produce a feasible plan. This makes managing the project much easier and less risky. 5. The management principle The Management Principle begins with â€Å"how it will be done and who will do it†. Policies and procedures that are effective and efficient must be in place for the proper conduct and control of the project commitment. 6. The Single-Point Responsibility Principle This principle is an extension of the management principle and is needed for effective management of the project commitment. Clear communication is very important for the coordination of a complicated project activity. A single channel of communication must exist between the project sponsor and the project team leader for all decisions affecting the product scope. 7. The Cultural Environment Principle Management must provide an informed and supportive cultural environment to ensure that the project delivery team are able to work to the limits of their capacity. Whatever methodology or framework you prefer, it must be modified to suit the requirements and needs of your project. Rather than sticking to methodology, the project manager must be able to get used to procedures to meet the demands of the work in hand. the management of the organization in which the project takes place must be supportive and the environment free of obstacles in the way of project progress. (Wideman, Robert Max; Bing, John A.; Neal, Gerald;, 2000) B. Appraise the viability of at least five (5) project’s success/ failure criteria (1.2) To be successful, a project must have: 1. Agreement or arrangement among the project stakeholders – the project team, customer, project leader skills and management – on the objective of the project. 2. A project plan that shows what is capable, shows an overall path and clear tasks, contains the facts and details for calculating the people, money, time, equipment, and materials needed to get the job completed, and will be used to determine development as the project is taking its course. 3. Continuous, effective communication among everyone that is concerned in the project in order to manage and organize action, distinguish and get to the bottom of problems and respond to changes. 4. A controlled scope or â€Å"stakeholder expectations management†. Everyone involved in the project must know their share of responsibilities. To make sure that everyone concerned understands exactly what can be done within a specified time frame and budget; a systematic method for establishing practical goals for deliverables, cost, schedule, and quality, as well as techniques for maintaining the goals reliable all through the project. 5. Upper management support, â€Å"managing upward†, guiding the upper managers toward appropriate decisions that maintains the project moving – to bring people and other resources, make guidelines, or remove organizational obstacles. The main causes of project failure that were identified were: 1. Lack of User Involvement One of the reasons why projects fail is that users do not participate in the system development process to the extent that they should. the lack of participation in the project by those who will use the system has proved fatal for many projects. Without user participation, it will cause delay to Projects because the management has not allocated people to do the work that users should be doing. If a project is to be a success management and users need to be concerned from the start to end of the progress. This requires time and effort. 2. Long or Unrealistic Time Scales The key advice is that project timescales should be little, which means that better systems should be split into separate projects. There are always problems with this approach, but the profit of doing so is significant. 3. Poor or No Requirements poor requirements are probably one of the most difficult issue that can be faced by a project. The incapacity to identify good requirements has also led to other project delivery problems — such as the desire to narrow the scope of the project so as to minimize the requirements workload and risk. Users should understand what it is they want, and be able to identify it specifically. if you don’t get the business requirements right, however well you deliver the project, the client/business will be dissatisfied. 4. Scope Creep Scope creep is a risk in most projects. it is the change or growth of project scope. Scope creep more frequently occurs during the later stages of a project, such as programming and testing, than during the earlier stages, such as design. This can occur when the scope of a project is not properly defined, documented, or controlled. This is a management issue similar to change control. Management should be able to figure it all out at the start. A project manager often tries to manage scope creep. The goal in managing scope creep is to try to minimize the impact of any changes on the project, such as on the timeline and cost. 5. No Change Control System Business needs are changing even more rapidly than ever before. There may be unavoidable external requirements over which you have no control, such as new regulations for data privacy, changed regulatory reporting requirements etc.So it is not reasonable to anticipate no change in requirements while a project or system is being built. However uncontrolled changes play chaos with a system under improvement and have caused many project confusion and failures. (Anon., 2001) (Suggest additional standard for the project’s success/ failure criteria, M1) Other IT project failure criteria by the IT and project managers were: * missed deadlines * exceeded budget * cost getting out of hand * many projects fail because they use new or unproven technology. * poor project definition by the project’s owner, perhaps because of insufficient consultation with stakeholders or their failure to be specific about requirements and desired outcomes. * lack of ownership and personal accountability by senior management. * inadequately skilled and experienced project personnel. * inadequate reporting arrangements and decision-making. * inconsistent understanding of required project activities, roles and responsibilities. Other criteria for project success were: * meeting the budget * meeting milestones * a well-defined scope and agreed understanding of intended outcome. * active management of risks, issues and timely decision-making supported by clear and short lines of reporting. * ongoing commitment and support from senior management. * a senior individual with personal accountability and overall responsibility for the successful outcome of the project. * defined and visibly managed processes that are appropriate or the scale and complexity of the project. (Find another company that uses success/failure criteria and tell something about how these criteria help the company’s projects , D1) The Calvert Social Index is a stock market index created by Calvert Investments as a benchmark of large companies that are considered socially responsible or ethical. It currently consists of 468 companies, weighted by market capitalization, selected from approximately 1,000 of the largest publicly traded companies in the United States using Calvert’s social criteria. These criteria relate to the environment, workplace issues, product safety, community relations, weapons contracting, international operations, and human rights. This index was created following the success of the Domini 400 Social Index by KLD Research & Analytics, Inc. The Calvert index is used by many so-called socially responsible mutual funds as a benchmark for their performance. These criteria helped the company improve with their business management. They were able to market those specific products that seem to be most wanted by their customers. With these criteria, it helped them improve their product development that made them stand out from their competitors. It also helped the company improve business management in the area of finance and because of this, they have built a good business reputation. (Calvert Investment Distributors, n.d.) B. Discuss the principles behind project management systems and procedures (1.3) The Project Management Process suggest three main deliverables be defined before actual work on the project begins. These are the Project Definition, Project work plan, and the Project Management Procedures. The Project Management Procedures explains how the project will be managed, and are an effective and efficient way to communicate the processes to the project team, customers, and stakeholders. Although they may appear time consuming to develop, in most cases these procedures only need to be created once. When you have a set of procedures that allow you to be successful, you can reuse them on later projects. In fact, these procedures can be written at the company or organization level, and then used as the starting point for all projects in the company. These procedures come from the process for large projects. They should be customized as appropriate for your project, your team, and your organization. In most cases, the processes should be simplified for smaller projects. Although this template is called Project Management Procedures, this document really describes processes. Processes are at a higher level than procedures. You can turn them into procedures by specifying the particular roles, people, and dates that make sense. The procedures that will be used to manage the project will include parts on how the team will manage issues, scope change, risk, quality, communication, etc. It is important to be able to manage the project thoroughly and proactively and make sure the project team and all stakeholders have a common understanding of how the project will be managed. If common procedures have already been recognized for your organization, apply them on your project. (Discuss how to integrate human and material resources to achieve successful projects, M2) Every project that involves more than one person requires a project team to get the work done. Building a motivated project team will be your primary and most critical task, because the success of the project will rely heavily on choosing the right team members and gaining their commitment to the project’s objectives. To utilize the abilities of permanently assigned staff and to fulfill these requirements but if there are required skills that are not available, then other sources must be identified and pursued. Books, educational programs, internet and human involvement go hand in hand to make the task accomplished. With these help, unforeseen errors and miscalculation will be lessened. Coordination will also make time required less for the project to be successful. (Wideman, 1991) (Look for an existing IT Project of any company and evaluate the project management system and procedures, D2) IS Auditing Procedure: P6 Firewalls An information security audit is an audit on the level of information security in an organization. Within the broad scope of auditing information security there are multiple types of audits, multiple objectives for different audits, etc. Most commonly the controls being audited can be categorized to technical, physical and administrative. Auditing information security covers topics from auditing the physical security of data centers to the auditing logical security of databases and highlights key components to look for and different methods for auditing these areas. When centered on the IT aspects of information security, it can be seen as a part of an information technology audit. It is often then referred to as an information technology security audit or a computer security audit. However, information security encompasses much more than IT. By and large the two concepts of application security and segregation of duties are both in many ways connected and they both have the same goal, to protect the integrity of the companies’ data and to prevent fraud. For application security it has to do with preventing unauthorized access to hardware and software through having proper security measures both physical and electronic in place. With segregation of duties it is primarily a physical review of individuals’ access to the systems and processing and ensuring that there are no overlaps that could lead to fraud. (Isaca, 2003) C. Identify the key elements involved in terminating projects and conducting post – project appraisals (1.4) 1. Termination activities should be identified in the baseline plan 2. Verify that all agreed-on deliverables were provided. 3. Organize and file project-related documentation. 4. Assure that all payments have been collected from the customer. 5. Assure that all payments for materials and subcontractors have been paid. 6. Prepare a written performance evaluation of each member of the project team. (Evaluate the key elements involved in terminating projects, M3) Terminating a project should always undergo a process – resources used could be audited and workforce could be evaluated properly. 1. Go back to project plan to check the appropriate balance between resource usage and project duration that directly complies with project objectives. 2. Confirm or prove that all deliverables that were agreed on were clearly fleshed out. 3. Document and organize all files related to the project. 4. All invoices should have been sent to the customer. All collectibles should be received before closing the review. 5. Payments for materials and subcontractors should be fulfilled as well. 6. Evaluate the performance of the project team and properly document it as well. 7. Conduct post-mortem or –project evaluation meetings (Szabelski, n.d.) (Give situations where a terminated project can still be considered again, D3) Hiring a new principal investigator (PI) (or an equivalent person) is the next best solution for projects that were terminated or put on hold. In order to ensure the smooth transition of documents and processes, the old PI should train the new hire Loss of human, funding and other valuable resources, whether anticipated or not, is the most common problem that may force an organization to terminate or put a project on hold. In order to address this challenge, the affected organization should be able to tap other available resources such as funding vehicles and connections or networks for new hires or experts. If an internal assessment or evaluation of the project showed negative results, resources, processes and even the project itself can be adjusted or modified in order to achieve or fulfill set expectations and objectives. (Orfano, 2009) Bibliography Anon., 2001. Coley Consulting. [Online] Available at: http://www.coleyconsulting.co.uk/failure.htm [Accessed 18 October 2011]. Calvert Investment Distributors, I., n.d. Calvert Investments. [Online] Available at: http://www.calvert.com/NRC/Literature/Documents/TL10036.pdf [Accessed 20 October 2011]. Isaca, 2003. ISACA. [Online] Available at: http://www.isaca.org/Knowledge-Center/Standards/Pages/IS-Auditing-Procedure-P6-Firewalls1.aspx [Accessed 22 October 2011]. Orfano, F., 2009. Feministy.org. [Online] Available at: http://www.feministy.org/business-management/re-starting-a-terminated-project [Accessed 22 October 2011]. Szabelski, T., n.d. Modern Project Management. [Online] Available at: bpr-project.eu/./project_management_by_tomasz szabelski.pdf [Accessed 21 October 2011]. Wideman, Robert Max; Bing, John A.; Neal, Gerald;, 2000. Max’s Project Management Wisdom. [Online] Available at: http://www.maxwideman.com/papers/principles/principles.htm [Accessed 16 October 2011]. Wideman, R.M., 1991. Max’s Project Managenent Wisdo m. [Online] Available at: http://www.maxwideman.com/papers/questions/answers.htm [Accessed 18 October 2011].